Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products is a leading international, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing the field of pharmaceutical sciences and natural products research. Our journal covers drug discovery from natural sources, phytochemistry, pharmacognosy, medicinal plant research, bioactive natural compounds, pharmaceutical biotechnology, and innovative methodologies in natural product drug development. We are committed to fostering scientific excellence in both synthetic and natural pharmaceutical research while maintaining the highest standards of editorial integrity and peer review.
DATA INTEGRITY AND ALCOA+ PRINCIPLES IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Within regulated pharmaceutical environments, reliable records sit at the heart of product quality and patient safety. Every entry made during research, manufacturing, testing and distribution must be trustworthy enough to withstand scrutiny by inspectors, auditors, and downstream users. This review examines how the concept of data integrity has developed in the pharmaceutical sector, what frameworks now govern it, where companies still struggle, and where the next generation of digital tools may take it. The paper draws on regulatory documents from the FDA in the United States, the WHO at the global level, the EMA in Europe, the MHRA in the United Kingdom, India's CDSCO and the international PIC/S framework, together with published case studies and review literature. Documentation practice is traced from paper-based notebooks through early computerised systems, the 1997 introduction of 21 CFR Part 11, the WHO and MHRA guidance updates of 2016 and 2018, and the current era of cloud-based platforms and electronic batch records. The ALCOA principles, namely Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, and Accurate, together with the four ALCOA+ extensions of Complete, Consistent, Enduring, and Available, are presented as the practical core of compliant documentation. Common failure modes are discussed, including human error, weak audit trails, unvalidated software, and governance gaps. The review closes by considering how artificial intelligence, blockchain ledgers, cloud platforms, and manufacturing automation may reshape pharmaceutical record-keeping in the years ahead. Robust documentation emerges as inseparable from product quality and public health.
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PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: REVOLUTION IN HEALTHCARE
Personalized medicine adapts clinical decisions to the individual rather than to the population average, drawing on the molecular, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle features of each patient when tests and treatments are chosen. Where conventional protocols apply a single regimen across heterogeneous groups, individualised approaches identify the subset of patients most likely to benefit from a given intervention and at what dose. The supporting toolkit includes high-throughput sequencing, proteomic profiling, pharmacogenomic assays, biomarker measurement, and computational methods drawn from machine learning and deep learning that integrate clinical and molecular records. Such methods are used to stratify risk, predict therapeutic response, and shorten time to diagnosis, with established applications in oncology, rare inherited disease, and pharmacogenomically guided prescribing. Reported gains include closer alignment of drug to patient, fewer avoidable adverse reactions, and more efficient use of clinical resources along the care pathway. Active patient participation is encouraged, since care plans can be tuned to the individual's situation and treatment goals. Several barriers continue to slow broad uptake, among them the unit cost of sequencing and targeted agents, the protection of identifiable genetic information, regulatory variation across jurisdictions, and shortages of clinical infrastructure and trained personnel. As sequencing prices fall and clinical informatics matures, personalized medicine is projected to extend beyond current strongholds into more areas of routine practice, supporting more accurate, patient-centred, and economically sustainable care.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLETS OF MIRABEGRON FOR THE TREATMENT OF OVERACTIVE BLADDER
Conventional immediate-release medication formulations used to treat OAB frequently call for frequent dosing, which can result in inconsistent plasma drug levels and poor patient compliance. In order to provide longer therapeutic activity and better patient adherence, the current study focuses on developing and evaluating sustained release (SR) matrix tablets containing the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron. Hydrophilic polymers including polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) were used in the formulation of Mirabegron SR matrix tablets utilizing a top-spray granulation technique. By taking into account important factors including polymer concentrations and lubricant levels, the formulation was adjusted using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). To guarantee the powder blend had appropriate flow characteristics, pre-compression parameters such bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio, and angle of repose were assessed. Hardness, friability, weight fluctuation, and drug content homogeneity were all assessed after compression. To replicate gastrointestinal circumstances, in vitro drug release investigations were conducted in various pH mediums. Following appropriate kinetic models, the improved formulation showed prolonged, regulated, and sustained drug release. DSC, FTIR, and XRD compatibility tests verified that there were no notable drug–excipient interactions, demonstrating the formulation's stability. The findings showed that polymer concentration is a key factor in regulating drug release behavior. Therefore, by increasing therapeutic efficacy, lowering dosage frequency, and boosting patient compliance, the new sustained release matrix tablets of mirabegron present a viable strategy for the efficient control of overactive bladder.
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OVERACTIVE BLADDER
Patients' quality of life is greatly impacted by overactive bladder (OAB), a chronic urological condition marked by urgency, frequency, nocturia, and urge incontinence. Overactive Bladder occurs due to fragile hip diaphragm, injury to nerve fibers, UTI, excise weight, and postmenopausal condition. The bladder contracts leading to a strong desire to urinate, although bladder is not completely filled. These symptoms occur due to detrusor muscle overactivity or bladder hyperactivity, leading to involuntary contractions of the bladder during the filling phase. Some individuals with OAB may experience difficulty in initiating urination, asymptom called hesitancy.
A COMPREHENSIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW OF MORUS ALBA
Medicinal plants are important in the management and prevention of various health ailments across centuries. Historical literature such as the Atharva Veda and Sushruta Samhita provides extensive documentation on the preventive and curative use of plants. Herbal medicines have gained increased acceptance in recent decades due to their accessibility, effectiveness, and typically favorable safety profiles. Morus alba commonly referred to as white mulberry, is known for its rapid growth. Native to China, it is now cultivated extensively across Asia, Europe, North America, and other parts of the world. As a member of the Moraceae family, it thrives in diverse climatic conditions, making it an important medicinal plant globally. Recent pharmacological validated many traditional claims Morus alba, highlighting its potential role in managing chronic disorders like diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Its therapeutic efficacy, combined with low toxicity, makes it a strong candidate for the development of plant-derived formulations and health products. This review provides detailed information on the phytochemistry and pharmacology of Morus alba.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF A MULTI-HERBAL HAIR GROWTH TABLET CONTAINING AMLA, BHRINGRAJ, KALONJI, VITAMIN E AND FOLIC ACID
Background: Pattern hair loss and diffuse telogen effluvium affect a sizeable proportion of Indian adults, and conventional minoxidil and finasteride therapy is limited by scalp irritation, rebound shedding and dose-related sexual adverse effects. Polyherbal oral formulations acting at multiple points of the follicular pathway represent a rational alternative. Objective: To formulate and evaluate an oral tablet combining hydroalcoholic extracts of Amla (Emblica officinalis), Bhringraj (Eclipta alba) and Kalonji (Nigella sativa) with vitamin E acetate and folic acid. Methods: Six wet-granulated batches (F1–F6) of 650 mg tablets were prepared on a 10-station rotary press, with croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and PVP K-30 varied at 2–6% w/w and 3–5% w/w. Pre-compression flow, post-compression attributes, in vitro dissolution in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and 3-month accelerated stability were studied. Drug release was quantified at 271 nm as gallic acid equivalents and drug–excipient compatibility by FTIR. Results: All batches showed acceptable flow (Carr's index 11.86–17.31%, Hausner's ratio 1.13–1.21). Hardness ranged 4.5–6.8 kg/cm² and friability 0.31–0.78%. The optimised batch F4 (5% CCS, 4% PVP) showed hardness 5.8 ± 0.3 kg/cm², friability 0.42 ± 0.05%, disintegration 6.8 ± 0.4 min, drug content 99.1 ± 0.7%, and 92.4 ± 1.8% release at 60 min. F4 was stable at 40 ± 2 °C / 75 ± 5% RH over 3 months. Conclusion: A polyherbal tablet combining three traditional hair-growth botanicals with vitamin E and folic acid was successfully developed at laboratory scale; F4 may be progressed to in vivo evaluation.
THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF COMMIPHORA WIGHTII IN THE MANAGEMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune illness caused by an imbalance in the immune system's control of the synovial joint membrane. Patients have shown tolerance to anti-RA drugs, and conventional dose forms—such as pills and tablets—are mostly used or readily accessible. Another name for the species Commiphora wightii is the Indian Bdellium-tree. This species is indigenous to Pakistan and India. Gujarat and Rajasthan are also native to it. It provides guggul gum, which is the most valuable resin in Indian medicine. Indian bdellium, a pale- yellow gum-resin with a fragrant scent released by the plant, is scraped and extracted into the Guggul of trade. Guggul's ability to lessen joint edema thickness suggests that it may be helpful in care of arthritis. It was just found out that Commiphora Mukul is beneficial against osteoarthritis of the knee. Guggul and ketoprofen have been combined to formulate guggulosomes, which have demonstrated a synergistic effect. Guggul has demonstrated that in studies, guggul a viable carrier for the making of sustained release medications.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KETOPROFEN LOADED GUGGULOSOMAL GEL FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
The aim of the current study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of novel vesicular carrier, guggulosomes bearing ketoprofen. KTF-loaded gullulosomes NPs were prepared by lipid film hydration method with different ratios of polymer and constant amount of Drug further incorporated into Carbopol gel. The NPs of guggulosomes were studied by entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential and surface morphology, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), . In vitro drug release from NPs was also assessed by a Frange diffusion cell method. Prepared guggulosomal gel were characterized by viscosity, Spreadability, pH, Homogeneity and % drug content, Extrudability, Entrapment Efficiency (EE%) of gullulosomal gel. The guggulosomes shows all the characteristic peak in ATR-FTIR. The optimized formulation was spherical in shape having particle size ranging 462.6nm with PDI 0.256. zeta potential value range -6.01(mV).The entrapment efficiency of guggulosomes was found to be between 34.32 ± 1.716 and 75.96 ± 3.798 and the average size was about 75.14 to 173 nm , and the viscosity lies between 6392±319.6 to 1175±58.75,and extrudability are found to be Good and %drug content of optimized formulation is 96.27±0.962 and homogeneity is found good appearance and good elegance, pH of all formulation lies between 5.9 to 6.8 , Spreadability is found to be 1365±0.445 to 20.84±0.239. The drug released from NP formulations was between 69.98% and 89% upon 24 hours, which indicated improved sustained drug release characteristics. These results suggested
FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF EXTENDED RELEASE TABLET OF CYANOCOBALAMIN BY USING POLYMER MATRIX SYSTEM
Cyanocobalamin Extended Release tablet final formulation was pre-pared wet granulation method using Polymer System. The pre-compression para-meter values that were assessed & optimised showed good free-flowing properties and fell within the specified ranges. The post-compression characteristics, including hard-ness, friability, & wt. fluctuation, in vitro disintegration time, and drug content for preparation of tablets have been evaluated. The present investigation was under-taken to fabricate & evaluate a Release tablet of Cyano-cobalamin by wet granulation method. All the formulations were subjected to Accelerated stability program, under stress condition to study the effect of temperature and humidity as guidelines. It is evident that the most of the Extended Release tablets were unaffected in respect of colour stability after 3 months. No appreciable change in physical characteristics, size & shape, & drug content was observed even after the evaluation for 3months storage. No appreciable change in physical characteristic, weight variation, hardness, thickness, % friability, % drug content and in-vitro drug release amount was observed even after the evaluation for 3- months’ storage. Oral administration of dosage form should lead to appropriate distribution & show activity of therapeutic moiety depending on the characteristic of dosage form and drug. Among these formulated Extended Release tablets of Cyanocobalamin, Formulation (F5) was found to be best because release of drug in 12 Hours was found to be NLT 90.0 %.
ENHANCING OCULAR THERAPEUTICS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Human eye has peculiar complex anatomical characteristics which makes it difficult to deliver the therapeutic agent directly to the targeted site in the ocular surface. Various ocular barriers such as blood-retinal barrier, blood-aqueous barrier hinders the delivery of the drug to desired site. Various conventional ocular dosage forms such as drops, ointments, suspensions offer patient compliance due to ease of administration but are unable to produce adequate therapeutic effect due to the washout of the drug from the ocular surface. Researchers have been working hard over decades to develop such novel system/ formulations that can overcome the limitations seen with conventional dosage forms. In-situ gelling systems/ gel forming solution solve the drawbacks of traditional dosage forms like eye drops and suspensions simply because they show sol-gel transformation by change in pH, temperature, or ionic strength. Because they can form gel following ocular instillation, they extend the corneal residence period and restrict the drainage of the formulation. A growing class of broad-spectrum antibacterials known as fluoroquinolones combats a variety of gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria that cause infections in the eyes. Since these antibacterials have been demonstrated to be equally effective as combination therapying treating a variety of ocular infections, they have become increasingly well-liked in the area of ophthalmology. In this review article, comprehensive information on ocular gel forming solution along with mechanism of sol to gel transition, clinical trials, various studies, and evaluation parameters have been discussed. Also, it discusses the role of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of ocular infections when formulated as gel forming solutions.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF THE ORO- DISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF AMBROXOL HYDROCHLORIDE USING NATURAL DISINTEGRANTS BANANA POWDER
The objective of this study was to evaluate the formulation efficiency and long-term stability of Ambroxol HCl orally dissolving tablets (ODTs). The experimental methodology involved an assay of 20 randomly selected tablets, which were crushed and processed in a phosphate buffer at a pH of 6.8. Drug concentration was quantified using UV/Visible spectrophotometry by measuring absorbance at 345 nm, utilizing 10 ppm dilutions of both the test sample and a 50 mg standard for comparative calculation. In-vitro dissolution profiles were established using a Type-2 dissolution apparatus. Among the formulations tested, batch F8 exhibited the most superior performance, achieving a cumulative drug release of 99.76% within an 18-minute interval. This accelerated release rate is attributed to the synergistic disintegrating effects of Banana Extract and Croscarmellose Sodium. Furthermore, the tablets underwent a rigorous three-month stability program under accelerated stress conditions. Throughout the evaluation period, the formulations were monitored for critical changes in physical dimensions, weight variation, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The results indicated no significant degradation in physical characteristics or chemical potency. The stability data, combined with the efficient drug release from formulation F8, suggests that this delivery system is both robust and effective for clinical applications.
UNLOCKING THE POWER OF COSMECEUTICALS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Cosmeceuticals is one of the fastest growing sector with natural health care and personal care industry, which is derived by consumers demand for safety, efficacy, and sustainability. Cosmeceuticals are the products that have scientifically active ingredients that provide therapeutic effects which improve appearance and affect skin or health care. They are derived from a blend of “cosmetics” and “pharmaceuticals” these products contain bioactive components like, retinol, vitamin C, peptides, antioxidants, botanicals, that helps treat conditions such as hair loss, wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, & other skin related problems. Sunscreen, creams, soaps and shampoos are one of the most used cosmeceuticals product. This review highlights the key ingredients, emerging technologies, safety, quality, efficacy, regulatory framework, emerging technologies & future prospectives.
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLETS OF METHYLCOBALAMIN BY USING POLYMER MATRIX SYSTEM
Methylcobalamin is a medication commonly prescribed for anemia conditions linked to thick or excessive mucus production. The sustained-release tablets of Methylcobalamin are prepared using the wet granulation technique. A total of 6 batches were prepared. Dissolution profile and absorption or release of drug within 12 hours. Identification of drug purity was done through FTIR. The FTIR analysis showed that the spectra of the pure drug and the formulation ingredients were largely similar. The FTIR profile of the drug matched the reference spectrum for pure Methylcobalamin, confirming its purity. The Tapped density of various formulation were varies between 0.55-0.70 (gm/ml). According to the post compression parameter of all formulations are given as well as following. In the prepared formulations, tablet hardness was consistently above 2.0 kg/cm2, reflecting adequate mechanical strength. Additionally, the friability values for formulations 1 through 6 were all below 1%, demonstrating that the tablets possessed excellent resistance to abrasion and maintained their integrity. Among the sustained release Methylcobalamin tablets, formulation F-5 demonstrated the best performance, as it released at least 90% of the drug within 12 hours.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF LAMIVUDINE
The oral cavity serves as an attractive pharmaceutical delivery target, with the buccal mucosa circumventing gastric acid degradation and first-pass hepatic metabolism to enhance drug bioavailability. Salivary flow modulates the pharmacokinetic profile of buccal films, while the inherent mucin layer enables mucoadhesive formulations to establish prolonged residence time through polymer-mucosal interactions. This intimate contact between the pharmaceutical agent and epithelium promotes enhanced permeation and therapeutic efficacy. Strategic formulation engineering neutralizes pH-related challenges and modulates transmucosal permeability through excipient selection to optimize drug transport. Buccal patch formulations employ a bilayered architecture with a drug-loaded polymeric matrix cast onto a backing substrate, complemented by an occlusive backing layer that prevents reverse diffusion and maintains formulation integrity.
PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF CILNIDIPINE ON CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-INDUCED LUNG TOXICITY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS
Cancer remains one of the leading global causes of death, accounting for approximately one in every six deaths, with its prevalence steadily rising due to factors like aging populations, lifestyle habits such as smoking, unhealthy diets, obesity, physical inactivity, and air pollution. The present study is driven by the need to find effective treatments for cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced organ toxicity, especially lung damage caused by its toxic metabolite acrolein. CP’s use is limited due to oxidative stress, antioxidant depletion, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to cell death and tissue injury. Existing therapies are inadequate, highlighting the need for safer, more effective protective strategies. The comprehensive evaluation of biochemical and histological markers reveals that cilnidipine, particularly at a higher dose, mitigates oxidative damage, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and maintains tissue integrity. Its dual calcium channel blocking ability, coupled with its capacity to activate antioxidant defenses and suppress inflammatory pathways, underscores its therapeutic potential beyond hypertension. The findings suggest that cilnidipine can be repurposed as an adjunctive treatment in cancer therapy to reduce organ toxicity associated with cyclophosphamide and possibly other chemotherapeutic agents.
UNIT PROCESSES AND OPERATIONS OF AYURVEDIC SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
Ayurveda, the oldest system of Indian medicine, uses a variety of solid dosage forms such as vati, guti, churna, bhasma and many more for therapeutic purposes. The preparation of such ayurvedic solid dosage forms start with the selection and processing of raw materials such as herbs, minerals and metallic compounds. A series of unit operations portraying integral roles in the preparation of ayurvedic solid dosage forms including purification (Shodhana), size reduction (Churna nirmana), blending (mishrana), binding, granulation, drying, compression and packaging. In addition to these, various traditional processes such as samskara (therapeutic processing) and bhavana (trituration) are also used in the preparation of ayurvedic solid dosage forms. All these unit processes and operations are employed to achieve the desired consistency and potency in the dosage forms. Although traditional methods have stood the test of time, ensuring consistency and scaling up production remain significant challenges. To address this, recent advancements in the manufacturing process have introduced modern techniques such as ultrasound assisted extraction and microwave drying, in order to improve the quality and efficiency of Ayurvedic solid dosage forms. This chapter aims to provide comprehensive information on various unit processes and operations involved in the preparation of ayurvedic solid dosage forms, integrating both classical methods and contemporary pharmaceutical practices.Bringing together traditional Ayurvedic wisdom and modern scientific methods can help make these herbal medicines safer, more effective, and more widely accepted around the world.
NUTRACEUTICALS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CATEGORIES, HEALTH BENEFITS, AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
Nutraceuticals represent a rapidly growing category of food-derived products combining nutritional and pharmaceutical benefits, serving as alternatives to conventional medicine. This comprehensive review integrates information on nutraceutical definitions, categorization, therapeutic applications across cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurological disorders, along with marketed products, formulation strategies, and quality control measures. Novel nanoformulation approaches enable overcoming bioavailability challenges. Evidence supports nutraceutical efficacy in disease prevention and as adjunctive therapy. Adulteration remains a critical safety concern requiring advanced analytical detection methods. Patent landscape data demonstrates exponential market growth. Future development requires standardized quality protocols, comprehensive clinical validation, and regulatory harmonization.
A COMPREHENSIVE INSIGHT ON GASTRO RETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
The conventional mode of drug delivery faces several challenges in the gastric region such as inappropriate drug release and reduction in dose efficacy that hinders the effective drug delivery from conventional dosage forms. Various physiological obstacles such as short gastric residence time and variable gastric emptying time reduce the efficacy of oral dosage forms. The aim is to fabricate formulations that can deliver the drug to the target organ with higher efficacy and increased bioavailability. Hence, a novel approach has been trending for past several years to deliver the drugs effectively in the gastrointestinal area. The system fabricated to enhance the retention of drugs in GIT is known as gastroretentive drug delivery system. GRDDS provides controlled action and enhances the bioavailability of the drug by prolonging the drug release. These are commonly employed for various gastrointestinal disorders and for site-specific drug delivery. This review summarizes various gastroretentive drug delivery approaches such as magnetic system, floating drug delivery system, bioadhesion etc and discusses the future prospects of GRDDS.
MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING: HERBAL SOLUTIONS FOR STRESS, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND SLEEP SUPPORT
Humans run on the energy of mental and emotional well-being, this is what creates balance in overall health. Due to a constant state of stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders that most people experience today because of their recent lifestyles, they get imbalanced in their general well-being. From ancient culture, herbs have been found to serve as natural healers to promote better health. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of herbal solutions for reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, and inducing sleep ensuring improved mental and emotional well-being that leads to good health. Included are adaptogenic herbs such as Ashwagandha and Tulsi; anxiolytic herbs such as Passionflower and Lemon Balm; antidepressant herbs including St. John’s Wart and Saffron; and natural sleep support solutions like Valerian root and Chamomile. This chapter further discusses how these herbs work in promoting mental and emotional health, describing how they may be integrated into daily life to achieve better health. Herbal remedies are accompanied in this chapter by a holistic approach to overall well- being that includes diet, exercise, and mindfulness.
INNOVATIVE NANOCARRIER SYSTEMS FOR ENHANCED REPIGMENTATION IN VITILIGO: A REVIEW
Vitiligo is a long-term cutaneous pigmentation disease characterized by gradual loss of melanocytes, which as a consequence causes a significant psychological and social burden. Conventional therapeutic approaches, including topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and phototherapy, often demonstrate limited efficacy, poor skin penetration, and considerable adverse effects, necessitating innovative treatment strategies. Currently, treatment options are not very effective, hence alternative methods are needed. Recent pharmaceutical innovations have introduced sophisticated nanodelivery platforms, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, and cubosomes, which demonstrate superior therapeutic potential compared to conventional formulations. These innovative systems offer remarkable advantages including enhanced dermal penetration, sustained drug release profiles, improved bioavailability, and targeted delivery to affected skin regions while minimizing systemic exposure and associated toxicity risks. This comprehensive review examines the transformative potential of advanced nanocarrier systems in revolutionizing vitiligo management through enhanced repigmentation outcomes. he integration of nanotechnology with traditional vitiligo treatments presents unprecedented opportunities for developing safer, more effective therapeutic interventions. Future research directions should focus on optimizing nanocarrier design, conducting comprehensive clinical trials, and establishing standardized protocols for successful clinical implementation of these promising therapeutic systems.
ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS AS MODERN ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
High blood pressure is a leading cause of heart problems and death worldwide. To control it, people usually need to take blood pressure medicine every day for a long time. However, some patient groups— especially young, elderly, and mentally ill patients—may have trouble swallowing traditional tablet formulations. Furthermore, quickly dissolving oral dosage forms are crucial in situations like motion sickness or the unavailability of water. ODTs offer a promising solution to these problems by enabling the medication to dissolve quickly in the mouth without the need for water, which speeds up the onset of action. Patients are generally treated either with ARBs or ACE inhibitors such as valsartan, telmisartan, enalapril, captopril, ramipril, etc. Losartan potassium is a medication that blocks angiotensin II receptors and is commonly prescribed for managing high blood pressure. But, it has low oral bioavailability (about 32%) because it is broken down quickly in the first-pass metabolism. Developing an orodispersible tablet (ODT) can enhance the effectiveness of the medication by enabling quicker absorption via the oral mucosa, which allows the drug to avoid both the digestive system and first-pass metabolism in the liver.
ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS WITH EMPHASIS ON EXTENDED AND SUSTAINED RELEASE MECHANISMS: A REVIEW
Oral drug delivery is one of the most common and convenient ways to give medicine. It involves taking drugs by mouth so they can work either locally in the mouth or throughout the body. One important type of oral delivery is extended release, where the drug is released slowly over time. This method helps keep a steady level of medicine in the body, improving treatment and reducing how often patients need to take the drug. This review discusses different oral drug delivery systems, focusing on extended and sustained release formulations. It explains how these systems work to release drugs gradually, either by controlling the way the drug dissolves or by using special materials that slow down drug release. The mechanisms behind sustained release include diffusion, erosion, and osmotic pressure, among others. Understanding these extended release oral systems is important for improving patient compliance and therapy effectiveness. Advances in materials and technology continue to enhance these drug delivery methods, providing better options for treating chronic diseases and improving patient quality of life.
FROM ROOTS TO RADIANCE: NUTRITIONAL SYNERGIES, INCLUDING VITAMIN E AND FOLIC ACID, FOR HEALTHY AND SHINY HAIR
Hair health represents a complex interplay between genetic predisposition, hormonal regulation, and nutritional adequacy, with thehair follicle cycle serving as a continuously regenerating system vulnerable to both intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Hair follicles undergo distinct phases including anagen (growth phase lasting two to seven years), catagen (transitional phase lasting two to four weeks), and telogen (resting phase lasting approximately three months), with disruptions in this cycle manifesting as various alopecias and premature graying. Genetic hair disorders including hypotrichosis, monilethrix, trichorrhexis nodosa, and ectodermal dysplasias result from mutations in genes encoding structural proteins and developmental signaling pathways. Acquired hair disorders encompass both nonscarring alopecias such as androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, and alopecia areata, and scarring alopecias including discoid lupus erythematosusand lichen planopilaris. Nutritional synergies play pivotal roles in maintaining hair follicle health, with mounting evidence supporting the significance of micronutrients in hair biology. Vitamin E, particularly tocotrienol isoforms, functions as a potent antioxidant mitigating oxidative stress within hair follicles, with clinical trials demonstrating significant improvements in hair count and density following supplementation. Folic acid and vitamin B12 contribute fundamentally to nucleic acid synthesis and cellular proliferation within the highly proliferative hair follicle matrix, with deficiencies associated with premature canities and telogen effluvium.Botanical interventions including Emblica officinalis (amla), Eclipta alba (bhringraj), and Nigella sativa demonstrate hair growth-promoting activities through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and follicle-stimulating mechanisms validated through preclinical and clinical investigations. This comprehensive review synthesizes current understanding of hair biology, pathological conditions, and evidence- based nutritional interventions, emphasizing vitamin E and folic acid synergies in promoting healthy, radiant hair while highlighting areas requiring further investigation.
AN OVERVIEW OF HYBRID NANOSTRUCTURES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND THERAPY
Hybrid nanostructures combine organic and inorganic materials to create efficient drug delivery platforms. These systems overcome limitations of conventional nanoparticles by leveraging synergistic properties of composite elements. This review covers design principles, synthesis methods, and clinical applications in drug delivery and therapy. These nanomaterials exhibit enhanced encapsulation efficiency, improved bioavailability, and superior biocompatibility. Classification into Category I (non-covalent) and Category II (covalent) systems enables rational design strategies. Therapeutic applications span cancer chemotherapy, gene therapy, infectious disease management, and diagnostic imaging. Targeting strategies using passive and active mechanisms significantly enhance efficacy. Despite manufacturing and clinical translation challenges, emerging trends in artificial intelligence- guided design and personalized medicine offer promising directions.
CILNIDIPINE: A NOVEL APPROACH TO HYPERTENSION AND COMORBID CONDITIONS
A prospective treatment for hypertension and related comorbidities, Cilnidipine is a fourth-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with a unique dual action on L-type and N-type calcium channels. Unlike traditional calcium channel blockers, it effectively lowers blood pressure without triggering reflex tachycardia. Additionally, its ability to inhibit excessive sympathetic activity provides significant organ-protective benefits, including reduced proteinuria, improved renal function, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. People with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or chronic kidney disease will benefit most from this medication. Clinical research has shown that, in comparison to other calcium channel blockers like amlodipine, it is effective in reducing peripheral edema, lowering blood pressure, and improving tolerability. In addition to hypertension, cilnidipine has neuroprotective and stress-relieving properties and may be used to treat problems like congestive heart failure, neurological diseases, osteoporosis, and atherosclerosis. Its advantageous pharmacological profile, which includes better glucose management, enhanced lipid metabolism, and decreased oxidative stress, emphasizes how versatile it is as a therapeutic agent. Recent studies also point to its uses in cancer and pain treatment, highlighting its wide-ranging effectiveness. Although cilnidipine's dual-channel blocking makes it a better choice for long-term cardiovascular and systemic protection, more extensive research is required to completely determine its clinical usefulness in a range of patient types. Overall, this study suggested that cilnidipine stands out as a multifaceted therapeutic option with significant implications for long- term cardiovascular and systemic health.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NATURAL SUPERDISINTEGRANT- BASED ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM FOR MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION
In this study, the goal was to create and assess orodispersible tablets of losartan potassium using banana powder as a natural superdisintegrant alongside sodium starch glycolate, a synthetic superdisintegrant.The goal was to create a formulation that would break down quickly and make it easier for patients to follow the instructions, using a delivery method that was both cost-effective and easy for patients to use. The tablets were made with a single-punch tablet machine and the direct compression method. Seven batches were made in all (F1 to F7), each with a different amount of banana powder, sodium starch glycolate, or a mix of the two. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to confirm that losartan potassium and the chosen superdisintegrants worked well together. This was done on separate samples of losartan and banana powder, as well as their physical mixtures with sodium starch glycolate. All formulations underwent assessment for both pre-compression and post-compression characteristics, including parameters like tablet thickness, hardness, friability, weight consistency, disintegration time, wetting time, uniformity of drug content, and in-vitro dissolution performance. Among the tested batches, formulations F5 and F6—which combined banana powder with sodium starch glycolate in ratios of 4:1 and 1:1, respectively—stood out. These two formulations demonstrated rapid disintegration, robust mechanical strength, and an excellent drug release profile. The study found that natural banana powder works effectively as a superdisintegrant. It can be used by itself or mixed with synthetic substances to make efficient orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs).
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF GELLAN GUM-BASED OCULAR GEL- FORMING SOLUTION OF OFLOXACIN USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OCULAR BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Human eye has distinct anatomy which makes it different from other body organs. It offers several barriers to effectively deliver the drug to the desired site. Ophthalmic gel forming solutions are one such novel dosage form which remain in solution form at room temperature and at physiological conditions they undergo sol to gel transition upon contact with lacrimal fluid. The objective of the current investigation was to formulate gel forming solution of ofloxacin using Gellan gum for controlled action in the management of bacterial infections. Gellan gum was dissolved in distilled water to create a polymeric solution, which was then used to develop the formulation intended in this study. A total of six different batches containing various concentrations of gellan gum were prepared. Drug and other excipients such as mannitol, and Benzdodecinium bromide were added employing constant stirring to obtain a slightly viscous solution and pH were adjusted accordingly. Numerous characteristics such as rheological behaviour, pH, in-vitro gelling capability, drug release was assessed for the developed formulations. Based on various evaluation parameters, F5 turned out to be the best formulation amongst three formulations developed with gelation time of 10 seconds and the gel remained intact for 8 hours. The rheological behaviour of the developed formulation F5 was found to be pseudoplastic with shear thinning nature. Additionally, it was able to release 94.06% of the drug in 8 hours during the in-vitro release trial, indicating prolonged release. During histopathology study, no signs of inflammation were noted. Obtained results were satisfactory and were in specified limits. Thus, it can be concluded that the prepared formulation F5 can be further explored for effective management of bacterial infections.